Understanding Micro- and Nanoplastics and Their Role in Human Pregnancy Health

Keywords: plastics, environment, pregnancy, fetal growth, placenta

 

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are tiny plastic particles that result from the breakdown of larger plastic products, such as packaging, clothing fibers, or synthetic materials. Microplastics are generally smaller than 5 millimeters (smaller than a sesame seed), while nanoplastics are so small they can only be seen under a microscope. These particles have become widespread in our environment—they are found anywhere from the air we breathe, to the food and water we consume, and many of the products we use in our daily lives. 

Everyday items like single-use plastic bottles, food containers, and packaging are major sources of micro- and nanoplastics, both in their production, and after they enter the environment. Other sources include fishing gear, synthetic textiles, and industrial plastic pellets used in manufacturing. When these plastics are discarded or degrade—especially through wastewater, ocean runoff, or agricultural use of plastic films—they fragment into particles that cause harm to the environment, including wildlife and human health. 

Researchers are now studying how these particles might interact with the human body. During pregnancy, the placenta plays a vital role in transporting nutrients and oxygen from mother to baby, but also programming the health of the baby into adulthood. Understanding whether micro- and nanoplastics can reach or influence the placenta is key to understanding potential effects on fetal growth and development, as well as future health of children and the population. 

 

Thanks to the generous participation of BiSC families, we are able to study these emerging exposures in real human samples. By analyzing biological samples from the placenta, we can begin to understand how common microplastic exposure is, where these particles come from, and how they might relate to pregnancy outcomes. This information helps guide future research and supports evidence-based actions to reduce environmental contamination and improve human health. 

Simple daily habit changes can make a real difference over time. Choosing a plastic-free reusable water bottle (glass or stainless steel) instead of single-use plastic drinks is a great first step. Because much microplastic exposure comes from food contact with plastics, storing food in glass, stainless steel, or food-grade silicone containers instead of tupperware helps too. Finally, opting for natural fabrics like cotton, linen, or wool instead of synthetics (polyester or nylon) reduces microplastic fiber release during washing. Together, these small actions help limit plastic entering our environment—and ultimately our food, water, and air.

By participating in BiSC, you are contributing directly to this vital research around microplastics and their health effects, helping us understand how to build a cleaner, healthier world for future generations.

 

This post has been written by Bethany Knox, predoctoral fellow at the BiSC Project.